London, WC1A 2HNletters@lrb.co.uk The king raged. Pole, Reginald (1500-58). On 18 February 1478, aged 28, George, Duke of Clarence, brother to the King of England, was executed. Margaret Poles house had been searched in the efforts to find evidence to back of the attainders of those executed. But not before Lina imparted . I am no traitor, no, not I! . Elizabeth Darrell, later Thomas Wyatts mistress, refused the oath; Lady Hussey, wife of one of Marys household, was imprisoned because she would not accept Marys exclusion from the succession and insisted on addressing her as a princess. Ursula married into the powerful Stafford family; of Margarets sons, only Reginald did not marry; by the age of seven he was given utterly to God. His lands and titles were thereby forfeited. After his death, and for centuries thereafter, Sir Thomas More was known as the most famous victim of Henry VIII's tyranny. Her son Arthur joined them, dying young, probably in the sweating sickness epidemic of 1528. She built herself a castle at Warblington, close to the sea on the Hampshire-Sussex border. Fortunately for the old cardinal, he died before the king could kill him. In June 1535, after he had been imprisoned for over a year, Cromwells servant, Richard Rich, now solicitor general, stated that he had spoken with More and More had denied Parliaments power to make Henry head of the church. ODNB, which argues that the restoration was a tacit admission of her brother's innocence; however, lands and titles had been restored to the heirs of guilty peers during the previous century. Margaret Plantagenet, the daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence and of his wife, Isabel Neville, was born on 14th August 1473 at Farleigh Castle, near Bath. The picture was cleaned in 1973, and study suggested that some original features have almost vanished. He died young (about 1526) having married the heir of Roger Lewknor. Higginbotham is more comfortable with biography, but this has not deterred her publisher from dressing up her new book like a historical novel of the type she doesnt much like, with a moody wash of colour and a woman with trailing skirts and half a head. Read anywhere with the London Review of Books app, available now from the App Store for Apple devices, Google Play for Android devices and Amazon for your Kindle Fire. (Margarets paternal aunt, Margaret of Burgundy, supported Perkin Warbecks conspiracy, hoping to restore the Yorkists to power.) Margaret Pole was one of only two women in the 16 th century to hold a peerage in her own right. When not at Court, Margaret lived chiefly at Warblington Castle in Hampshire and Bisham Manor in Berkshire. It was during this trip that he began to write Utopia, his most famous work. Learning you may well have, his brother Montagu wrote to him, but doubtless no prudence nor pity. Reginald had compared himself to a surgeon ready to cut away diseased flesh from the body of England: not the most tactful metaphor, when your anointed king is dragging about with an ulcerated leg. But that was years in the future. Among his guests, in fact, was the king himself. It was Mores impassioned speeches against this large and unjust burden that made the king reduce it by more than two thirds. On 14 November 1538, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, was arrested. But time and impatience had made him emphatic in his righteousness. Her London palace, Le Herber, stood in a busy mercantile quarter, approximately where Cannon Street Station is now, and she rented out the tenements around as workshops, stables and an inn. After the first round of questioning she was held in custody at Cowdray, Fitzwilliams house. Here's how the cast of The Spanish Princess compares to their real-life counterparts, from Catherine to Margaret Pole. And so, when More returned from a diplomatic mission to France in summer 1527, the king laid the open Bible before his favorite councilor. The work was a marvel of learning and wit and wholly original; it was soon translated throughout the Continent and its author hailed as one of the foremost Humanist thinkers. Margaret's only surviving sibling was Edward, Earl of Warwick. After his death, and for centuries thereafter, Sir Thomas More was known as the most famous victim of Henry VIIIs tyranny. "Margaret Pole, Tudor Matriarch and Martyr." Mortons tax philosophy was a marvel of inescapable logic: If the subject is seen to live frugally, tell him because he is clearly a money saver of great ability, he can afford to give generously to the King. The sitter might as well be carved, for all she suggests flesh or circulating blood. Her fiction is stiff and chary, as if she is too constrained by her knowledge of the pitfalls to turn her characters loose in their own lives. By 1520, as an indication of the trust placed in her, she had been appointed lady governor to the Princess Mary, born in 1516 and the only child of the royal marriage to survive for more than a few weeks. Chapuys wrote two weeks after the execution that one hundred and fifty witnesses were present for the execution, including the Lord Mayor of London. Her mother, Isabel, daughter of the above-mentioned "King-maker," died 22nd December, 1476, and her father in the Tower nearly two years later. Or was there, as she claimed, nothing worth burning? And because of his early education in religious matters, Henry was no mere spectator in religious debate. It was the king who had paid for Reginalds education at Oxford and later in Italy, where his noble connections gave him the entre into the smartest humanist circles. The bridegroom Arthur was dead within months. The king financed Richards funeral. The only people to escape the toxicity of the court were Lina (Stephanie Levi-John) and Oviedo (Aaron Cobham), who decided to seek a new life in the Ottoman Empire. In May 1539 Henry, Margaret, Exeter and others were attainted, as Margaret's father had been. This discovery resulted in removal of Mores books and writing materials. It was More who coined the term, a pun on the Greek words for no place and good place. Despite such evidence of royal favor, it is likely that More chafed at his service to the king. Thomas More was living in his home called The Barge at Bucklersbury, off the east end of Cheapside about 500 yards north of the Thames. He had an illegitimate son, called Henry Fitzroy, by one of his early mistresses. Find out more about the London Review of Books app. Sir Thomas Pole was a member of the aristocracy in England. Henry accepted Mores resignation. More was not a man to be broken by prison, but he suffered physically. See me safe up, he told the lieutenant who escorted him, and for my coming down let me shift for myself.. Mary's household was broken up at the end of the year, and Margaret asked to serve Mary at her own cost, but was not permitted. Reginalds brother Geoffrey was in correspondence with Reginald, and Henry had Geoffrey Pole, Margarets heir, arrested in 1538 along with their brother Henry Pole and others. In 1499, Margarets brother Edward apparently tried to escape from the Tower of London to take part in the plot of Perkin Warbeck who claimed to be their cousin, Richard, one of the sons of Edward IV who had been taken to the Tower of London under Richard III and whose fate was not clear. That was clear to Cromwell almost from the first, and perhaps to More, too. [15][16], On the morning of 28 May 1541, Margaret was told she was to die within the hour. Their old friendship was past; the kings new advisors were anti-Catholic and pro-Protestant, most notably among them was Thomas Cromwell. Margarets youngest son, Geoffrey, probably under threat of torture, denounced not only his own family but the Courtenay clan and other prominent members of the old families. . When Catherine of Aragon gave birth to a daughter, Mary, Margaret Pole was asked to be one of the godmothers. The danger the Tudors saw lay not in the present disposition of the Pole family who vehemently protested their loyalty but in their claim to the throne, and in Reginalds actions while he was out of the jurisdiction. I don't think Henry had quite the chummy relationship with Sir Thomas More that was depicted in "The Tudors" or even in "A Man for All Seasons." The story goes that when More was executed, Henry rose scowling from a game of cards with Anne Boleyn and barked at her "You are the cause of his death!" ThoughtCo. When Richard Pole died in 1504 Margaret had had to borrow money to give him a suitable funeral. At Bisham, where her forebears had founded a monastery, the remains of her executed brother lay with those of her grandfather the Kingmaker, slaughtered at the Battle of Barnet. When Margaret was only four years old, her father was killed in the Tower of London where he was imprisoned for rebelling again against his brother, Edward IV; rumor was that he was drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine. ODNB, "Reginald Pole"; "Geoffrey Pole". For highlights from the latest issue, our archive and the blog, as well as news, events and exclusive promotions. at, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (conflation of, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 21:21. He impressed the cardinal enough that he was knighted upon his return and made under-treasurer of the Exchequer. It is only in posteritys schoolroom view that Bosworth was the end of the Middle Ages or the end of anything; the noble families didnt think their wars were over, and indeed they were not, because in 1487 the new king was defending his throne at the Battle of Stoke. It was five years after the likely date of Margarets marriage that her first son was born. He later studied at . Two days later, a four-count indictment charging More with treason was presented to the commission. Margaret was not executed with her eldest son, but was held in the Tower for the last years of her life the king paying her bills, outfitting her as became a great lady in furred petticoats and a satin nightgown. Mores wife had been like most women of her time ill-educated, and during their brief marriage, he taught her Latin and other subjects. No great European power was willing to commit men or money to this crusade, but their unwillingness was not apparent at the time. Margarets daughter Ursula would have 13 children, and three of her four sons would marry heiresses and have large families. (2020, August 26). She was later regarded by Catholics as such and was beatified on 29 December 1886 by Pope Leo XIII. In the spring of 1536 the Boleyn family were destroyed, and the Pole family and other English grandees grouped themselves about the incoming queen, Jane Seymour. Margaret Pole was one of only two women in the 16th century to hold a peerage in her own right. We do not know. These are not consistent; and ifas he claimed at one pointPole rejected the Divorce in 1526 and refused the Oath of Supremacy in 1531, he received benefits from Henry for a course of action for which others were sentenced to death. Geoffrey appealed to Thomas Cromwell, who had him arrested and interrogated. Henry Tudor had the real Warwick in custody, and was able to produce him, so the rebellion came to nothing. When that daughters father-in-law was executed by Henry VIII, the Pole family fell out of favor briefly, but regained favor. Get GCSE Macbeth Coursework, Essay & Homework assistance including assignments fully Marked by Teachers and Peers. Henry and his ministers suspected Reginald of plotting to marry the kings daughter Mary, and unite her claim with his. Her early years are obscure. In January 1539 Geoffrey was pardoned, but Margaret's son, Henry, Baron Montagu (and cousin Exeter), were later executed for treason after trial. Portrait of an unknown woman, often identified as the Countess of Salisbury, DWYER, J. G. "Pole, Margaret Plantagenet, Bl.". The governors of Lincoln admired him enough to appoint him lecturer on law for three consecutive years. London Review of Books She managed her lands quite well, and became one of the five or six wealthiest peers in England. It is painted on a dateable oak panel, and the dates suit the presumed subject, but the artist is anonymous. For these reasons, More had no cause to suspect his monarch of anything less than fealty to their shared faith. They were charged with treason. We can't imagine how Margaret was feeling, she was 65 years of age when brought to the tower in 1539, an advanced age by the standards of the day. This was not, as some say, Cratwell, who had himself been executed three years earlier, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Church of Our Lady Queen of Peace & Blessed Margaret Pole, "Unknown woman, formerly known as Margaret Plantagenet , Countess of Salisbury National Portrait Gallery", "The Execution of Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury", "1541: Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury", "Pole, Margaret, suo jure countess of Salisbury (14731541), noblewoman", "Margaret Plantagenet, Lady Pole & Countess of Salisbury (14731541)", "Our Lady Queen of Peace & Blessd Margaret Pole, Southbourne", The Tragical History of King Richard the Third, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Pole,_Countess_of_Salisbury&oldid=1140799395, People convicted under a bill of attainder, People executed by Tudor England by decapitation, People executed under the Tudors for treason against England, Burials at the Church of St Peter ad Vincula, Governesses to the English Royal Household, Hereditary peeresses created by Henry VIII, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from February 2023, Articles needing expert attention from June 2022, Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, English Martyrs Church, Preston (she is on the right. But Margaret kept any dissident thoughts to herself, avoiding jeopardy until, in the summer of 1536, the actions of her son Reginald plunged her whole family into trouble. The sons of Edward IV, 11 and 13 years old, had been held in the Tower by their uncle Richard III, and last been seen by Londoners in the summer of 1483. And her gender did not necessarily disqualify her from becoming leader of the opposition if that was what she chose. He sent envoys. From the start, Margaret's life had been marred by tragedy and violence: her father, George . After she had redeemed her dead brothers lands from the crown, she owned property in Calais, and estates in Wales and 17 English counties. In 1554, Mary reversed the attainder against Reginald Pole, and he was ordained as a priest in 1556 and finally consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1556. The next year, the late king's marriage was declared invalid by the statute Titulus Regius of 1484, making his children illegitimate. 3. The feast day of Blessed Margaret Pole is 28 May, and she was beatified 1886 by Pope Leo VIII. The Tower's professional executioner was away, so a young novice was given the job. Nothing worked. She was the Spanish princess, Katharine of Aragon, one of the daughters of the Catholic rulers of Spain. Sir Thomas having continued a Prisoner in the Tower somewhere more than a Twelvemonth, for he was committed about the middle of April 1534, and was brought to his Trial on the 7th of May, 1535. he went into the Court leaning on his Staff, because he was much weakened by his Imprisonment, but appeared with a cheerful and composed Countenance. The alleged plot between the earl and Warbeck was flimsy and perhaps government-sponsored, but both men were tried and executed. But it is difficult to detect in her conduct the heroic virtues assumed by Rome, and easier to see self-protective caution at work. In the end, he could not be persuaded. It stated that all who were called upon must take an oath acknowledging Anne as Henrys wife and their future children as legitimate heirs to the throne. He was no fool; he noted Wolseys great and increasingly ostentatious wealth. * Thomas Stafford (1531-4 May 1557) who was captured and executed for High Treason in Scarborough. When Henry began proceedings to annul his first marriage, when Catherine was discarded and the Princess Mary downgraded to Lady Mary, the kings daughter, Margaret proved fiercely loyal and protective. Despite widespread belief, even amongst Protestants, that Rich was lying, his statement was enough for a fresh inquiry to begin. Henry VII also decided, about that time, to marry the 15-year-old Margaret to his half-cousin, Sir Richard Pole. But he could not recognize the kings authority as head of the new church of England. Rather, he felt that he could be more effective in the city itself, not closeted away amongst the nobles and councilors of Henrys court. Margaret was a great heiress, grand-daughter of the Earl of Warwick who was known as the Kingmaker. Then, in good faith, between your grace and me is but this, that I shall die today, and you tomorrow.. Reginald Pole, (born March 3, 1500, Stourton Castle, Staffordshire, Eng.died Nov. 17, 1558, London), English prelate who broke with King Henry VIII over Henry's antipapal policies and later became a cardinal and a powerful figure in the government of the Roman Catholic queen Mary Tudor. A painting in the National Portrait Gallery offers a grey-white face, long, guarded, medieval, remote: 'unknown woman, formerly known as Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury'. Ursula Pole, married Henry Stafford, whose title and lands were lost when his father was executed for treason and attainted, restored to a Stafford title under Edward VI. The two children were of use to him; their maternal family, the Nevilles, commanded allegiance in the north. They married less than a month after Jane Colts death and More had to seek special dispensation from the church. The grave of Anne Boleyn. (1) Higginbotham follows Pierce in refusing to vilify Henry for his treatment of the Poles. But Margaret herself was an ornament to Henry. Ultimately, they would both become martyrs of their faith (though this show is not likely . "Pole, Margaret Plantagenet, Bl." Arthur Pole suffered a setback when his patron Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, was convicted of treason in 1521, but he was soon restored to favour. His eldest daughter Margaret married the lawyer William Roper in 1521, and More continued his practice of prayer and supervision of learning at his home. Only when Fitzwilliam called Reginald a whoreson did she object, saying with a wonderful sorrowful countenance that he was no whoreson, for she was both a good woman and true. When Reginald, lying abroad, heard of her death, he announced to his secretary that he was now the son of a martyr. The honor was tremendous; notably, More was the first layman to hold the office. Princess Mary But in 1520 Margaret was clearly in favor with the King and Queen when she was appointed governess of the Princess Mary. Geoffrey Pole, who had given the government what it needed, was pardoned. After bearing More three daughters (Margaret, Elizabeth, Cicely) and one son (John), Jane died in 1511. Margaret if it is she wears coral and ermine. It was his great popularity that saved him. Six months later, Cromwell produced a tunic marked with the wounds of Christ, claiming it had been found in that search, and used that to arrest Margaret, though most doubt that. After Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn, was arrested, and eventually executed, Margaret was permitted to return to Court, albeit briefly. Margaret was stripped of her titles and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Her mother died after giving birth to a fourth child; that brother died ten days after their mother. Margaret, Countess of Salisbury, was born at Farley Castle, near Bath, on 14th August, in or about the year 1473. Unfortunately, Cardinal Wolsey was unable to secure an annulment for the king. Gender: Male. He then disappeared into his private closet, and after an hour, came out as cheerful as before. "Margaret Pole, Tudor Matriarch and Martyr." Margaret and Richard Pole had five children, born between about 1492 and 1504: four sons and the youngest a daughter. Seven years after the strange liquid death of Margarets father, her uncle Richard III was defeated at Bosworth by Henry Tudor. Henry and others were executed, though Geoffrey was not. The king added that his lack of a legitimate son was clear proof of Gods displeasure. Her heads. Thick as thieves, More and the king continued to establish a close relationship, with More rising up in the ranks. One does not have to share his religious convictions to appreciate his inner strength and noble character. Margaret reminded Reginald what they all owed to the Tudors, and urged him to give up his enterprise, to take another way and serve the king: his renegade actions, she said, had plunged her into grief and fear, and trust me, Reginald, there never went the death of thy father or of any child so nigh my heart. Thomas Cromwell, who spied efficiently on the whole family, tried to have Reginald abducted or assassinated. Christ in Thy Mercy, save Thou me! More would have to either acknowledge the kings spiritual supremacy and marriage to Anne Boleyn, or he would die. As part of the evidence for the bill of attainder, Cromwell produced a tunic bearing the Five Wounds of Christ, symbolizing Margaret's support for the Church of Rome and the rule of her son, Reginald, and the king's Roman Catholic daughter, Mary. The Execution of a Duke. She managed her lands quite well, and became one of the five or six wealthiest peers in England. The boy, born in 1519, was welcome proof to Henry that he could father a son and that his lack of an heir was entirely Katharines fault. Henry was negotiating a glorious marriage for Prince Arthur, to a daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Her husbands career flourished. As part of the investigations into the so-called Exeter Conspiracy, Geoffrey Pole was arrested in August 1538. Looking to her last end, Margaret commissioned a chantry at Christchurch Priory. Most governments with a sense of self-preservation would have regarded the family with justified wariness, and likely acted against them sooner. Chapuys suggested to Emperor Charles V that Reginald marry Mary and combine their dynastic claims. To help with her financial situation, she gave one of her sons, Reginald, to the church. Margaret is the main character of Samantha Wilcoxson's 2016 novel, Dwyer, J.G. It was, Henry told him, proof that his marriage to Katharine was incestuous due to her previous marriage to his brother. Edward was briefly displayed in public at St Paul's Cathedral in 1487 in response to the presentation of the impostor Lambert Simnel as the "Earl of Warwick" to the Irish lords. He could now only write to his wife and favorite daughter Margaret with a piece of coal or burnt stick on scraps of paper. There wasn't any "relationship" as such. In 1512, Parliament, with Henrys assent, restored to her some of the lands that had been held by Henry VII for her brother while he was imprisoned, and then had been confiscated when he was executed. Chapuys wrote that, "at first, when the sentence of death was made known to her, she found the thing very strange, not knowing of what crime she was accused, nor how she had been sentenced". The charge was treason. It was More's execution - far more than those of Anne Boleyn or Thomas Cromwell or Margaret Pole - which established the king's reputation for capricious cruelty. Jone Johnson Lewis is a women's history writer who has been involved with the women's movement since the late 1960s. Mores connection to Morton had earlier secured him admittance to Oxford, where he studied for two years, mastering Greek and Latin with an instinct of genius, and studying a wide variety of subjects, including music. She was pregnant at the time of her bereavement, and soon she would join the entourage of the Spanish bride. The supposed discovery, six months after her house and effects were searched at her arrest, is likely to have been a fabrication. For the old cardinal, he could not recognize the kings spiritual supremacy and marriage to Boleyn! And her gender did not necessarily disqualify her from becoming leader of the rulers! Her father, George first son was clear to Cromwell almost from first... 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